Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest Volume Two (2025)

描述

The only text to cover the full range of adult cardiac, thoracic, and pediatric chest surgery, Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest provides unparalleled guidance in a single, two-volume resource. This gold standard reference, edited by Drs. Frank Sellke, Pedro del Nido, and Scott Swanson, covers today’s most important knowledge and techniques in cardiac and thoracic surgery—the information you need for specialty board review and for day-to-day surgical practice. Meticulously organized so that you can quickly find expert information on open and endoscopic surgical techniques, this 10th Edition is an essential resource not only for all cardiothoracic surgeons, but also for physicians, residents, and students concerned with diseases of the chest.
Features short, focused chapters divided into three major sections: Adult Cardiac Surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, and Thoracic Surgery.
Presents the knowledge and expertise of global experts who provide a comprehensive view of the entire specialty.
Provides full-color coverage throughout, helping you visualize challenging surgical techniques and procedures and navigate the text efficiently.
Includes new chapters on dissection complications and percutaneous treatment of mitral and tricuspid valve disease.
Offers extensively revised or rewritten chapters on surgical revascularization, acute dissection, vascular physiology, the latest innovations in minimally invasive cardiothoracic surgery and percutaneous devices, the molecular biology of thoracic malignancy, robotics in chest surgery, congenital valve reconstructions, novel hybrid procedures in pediatric cardiac surgery, and 3D visualization of cardiac anatomy for surgical procedure planning.
Keeps you up to date with the latest developments in cardiothoracic imaging and diagnosis.
Provides access to more than 30 surgical videos online, and features new figures, tables, and illustrations throughout.
An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.
Review
"Since 1962, this book has been the preeminent textbook in cardiothoracic surgery. This current two-volume edition maintains and exceeds the high bar of previous editions. With both updated and entirely new chapters, this latest edition is a worthy update of the previous edition which was published in 2015." ©Doody’s Review Service, 2024, Benjamin C. Degner, MD (East Carolina University), Doody’s Score: 100 – 5 Stars!

备用文件名

lgli/Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest, 10th Edition (2023)(TRUE PDF).pdf

备选作者

Frank Sellke, Pedro J. del Nido, Scott J. Swanson, Scott Swanson, Pedro del Nido

备用出版商

Mosby, Incorporated

备用版本

United States, United States of America

备用版本

10th edition, Philadelphia, PA

元数据中的注释

TRUE PDF WITH BOOKMARKS, NO INDEX

备用描述

Cover
Title Page
Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest, 10th edition
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Contents
Video Contents
1
Anatomy of the Thorax
THORACIC CAGE
THORACIC INLET
CERVICOAXILLARY CANAL
DIAPHRAGM
ANATOMY OF BREATHING
BONY THORACIC CAGE
STERNUM
RIBS
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
SURFACE ANATOMY
MEDIASTINUM
SUPERIOR MEDIASTINUM
ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE
LUNGS AND PULMONARY VASCULATURE
PULMONARY ARTERY BRANCHING
RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY
LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY
RIGHT UPPER LOBECTOMY
RIGHT MIDDLE LOBECTOMY
RIGHT LOWER LOBECTOMY
LEFT UPPER LOBECTOMY
LEFT LOWER LOBECTOMY
BRONCHIAL VASCULATURE
PULMONARY LYMPH NODES
ESOPHAGUS
VESSELS OF THE THORAX
DESCENDING THORACIC AORTA
AZYGOS VEIN
THORACIC DUCT
NERVES OF THE THORAX
VAGUS AND RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVES
THORACIC SYMPATHETIC CHAIN
PHRENIC NERVES
References
SUGGESTED READING
2
Radiologic Imaging of Thoracic Abnormalities
Benign Lesions of the Lung
INTRODUCTION
MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES THAT INDICATE BENIGNITY
GROWTH AND STABILITY
COMMON BENIGN LESIONS AND CONDITIONS THAT MIMIC LUNG NODULES
CONCLUSION
Computed Tomography of Emphysema for Lung Volume Reduction Treatment Planning
INTRODUCTION
LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION SURGERY
GIANT BULLA AND BULLECTOMY
BRONCHOSCOPIC LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION AND ENDOBRONCHIAL VALVES
CONCLUSION
Interstitial Lung Diseases
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE MIMICKERS
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
CONCLUSION
Thoracic Infections
INTRODUCTION
LUNG ABSCESS
BRONCHIECTASIS
EMPYEMA
BRONCHOPLEURAL FISTULA
MEDIASTINITIS
CONCLUSION
Radiology of the Mediastinum
INTRODUCTION
ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM
POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
CONCLUSION
Imaging for Esophageal Surgical Intervention
INTRODUCTION
IMAGING OF ESOPHAGEAL TRAUMA
IMAGING OF MALIGNANT ESOPHAGEAL TUMORS
TUMOR (T)
LYMPH NODES (N)
METASTATIC DISEASE (M)
LOCATION
IMAGING OF BENIGN ESOPHAGEAL TUMORS
POSTOPERATIVE ESOPHAGEAL EVALUATION
CONCLUSION
Traumatic Cardiothoracic Injuries
INTRODUCTION
CHEST WALL TRAUMA
TRAUMATIC PULMONARY INJURIES
PLEURAL INJURIES
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL INJURY
CARDIAC TRAUMA
TRAUMATIC AORTIC INJURY
ESOPHAGEAL INJURIES
DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3
Preoperative Evaluation of Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery
Physiologic Effects of Thoracic Surgery
Patient Population Undergoing Thoracic Surgery
Common Complications after Thoracic Surgery
Goals of the Preoperative Evaluation
History and Physical Examination
HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
LABORATORY STUDIES
Imaging Studies
Pulmonary Function Testing
Prediction of Postoperative Lung Function
Cardiac Assessment of Patients Under Consideration for Thoracic Surgical Procedures
Assessment of Functional Capacity
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS MEASUREMENTS
PULMONARY HEMODYNAMICS
AGE
PREOPERATIVE INTERVENTION
Evaluation and Risk Stratification
REFERENCES
4
Perioperative Care of the Thoracic Surgical Patient
PREOPERATIVE EDUCATION AND COUNSELING
NUTRITION
PULMONARY CARE, PREHABILITATION, AND SMOKING CESSATION
ALCOHOL AND ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE
ANEMIA MANAGEMENT
CARDIAC OPTIMIZATION
DIABETES/CARBOHYDRATE LOADING
PROPHYLAXIS
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS
STRESS ULCERATION AND GASTRITIS
INFECTION
ANTICOAGULATION
MISCELLANEOUS
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
ANALGESIA
INTRAOPERATIVE CARE
ANTISEPSIS
VENTILATION
MONITORING
BODY TEMPERATURE
POSITIONING
FLUID ADMINISTRATION
DRAINAGE
SPECIMEN MANAGEMENT
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
FLUID MANAGEMENT
BLOOD ADMINISTRATION
MEDICATIONS
ANALGESIA
NUTRITION
RESPIRATORY THERAPY
WOUND CARE
MANAGEMENT OF DRAINAGE TUBES
PHYSICAL THERAPY
Complications after Lung Surgery
Early Complications
Respiratory Complications
Atelectasis and Pneumonia
Prolonged Air Leak
Pulmonary Edema
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Cardiac Complications
Myocardial Infarction
Atrial Fibrillation
Bleeding
LATE COMPLICATIONS
Pulmonary Complications
Bronchopleural Fistula
Bronchovascular Fistula
Postpneumonectomy Syndrome
Wound Infection and Empyema
Post-Thoracotomy Pain
COMPLICATIONS AFTER ESOPHAGEAL SURGERY
Dysphagia
Stricture
Gas Bloat
COMPLICATIONS AFTER ESOPHAGECTOMY
Anastomotic Leak
Conduit Ischemia
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Damage
Chylothorax
Functional Problems
Reflux
MISCELLANEOUS
DISCHARGE PLANNING
REFERENCES
5
Endoscopic Diagnosis of Thoracic Disease
PRINCIPLES OF ENDOSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS
PREPROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIAGNOSTIC ENDOSCOPY
UPPER ENDOSCOPY
INDICATIONS
SEDATION AND CONDUCT OF FLEXIBLE UPPER ENDOSCOPY
COMPLICATIONS
TECHNOLOGIES
FLEXIBLE UPPER ENDOSCOPY
Confirmation—Identifying Abnormal Tissue
Real-Time Imaging
Chromoendoscopy.
Virtual Chromoendoscopy.
Autofluorescence Imaging.
Working-Channel Adjuncts
Optical Coherence Tomography and Volumetric Laser Endomicroscopy.
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy.
Acquisition—Improving Quality of Tissue Biopsy
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection.
Wide-Area Transepithelial Sampling With Computer-Assisted 3-Dimensional Analysis.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND
RIGID ESOPHAGOSCOPY
BRONCHOSCOPY
INDICATIONS
SEDATION AND CONDUCT OF BRONCHOSCOPY
SEDATION
FLEXIBLE BRONCHOSCOPY
RIGID BRONCHOSCOPY
COMPLICATIONS
TECHNOLOGIES
FLEXIBLE BRONCHOSCOPY
Selection and Approach
Virtual Bronchoscopic Navigation.
Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy.
Approach and Confirm
Ultrathin Bronchoscopy.
Robotic Bronchoscopy.
Confirm
Two-Dimensional and CT Fluoroscopy.
Cone-Beam CT.
Augmented Fluoroscopy.
VC, OCT, AFI, and CLE.
Radial Probe Endobronchial Ultrasound.
Acquire
Cryobiopsy.
Transparenchymal Biopsy.
CURVILINEAR-PROBE ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASOUND
RIGID BRONCHOSCOPY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
6
Endoscopic Therapies for Thoracic Diseases
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
DEFINITION AND MECHANISM OF ACTION
TECHNIQUE
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ENDOBRONCHIAL NON–SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
PALLIATIVE INTENT
CURATIVE INTENT
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
PALLIATIVE INTENT
CURATIVE INTENT
HIGH-GRADE DYSPLASIA IN BARRETT ESOPHAGUS
ABLATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
LASER ABLATION OF ENDOLUMINAL TUMORS
AIRWAY
ESOPHAGUS
CRYOTHERAPY
BRACHYTHERAPY
STENTS
Expandable METALLIC STENTS
SILICONE-BASED STENTS
TECHNIQUE
EXPANDABLE METAL STENTS
Silicone-Based Stents
INDICATIONS
MALIGNANT ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES
ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION AND BENIGN ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES
MALIGNANT AIRWAY STRICTURES
BENIGN AIRWAY STRICTURES
COMPARISON OF PALLIATIVE ENDOSCOPIC THERAPIES
EVOLVING ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR BENIGN ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES
ACHLASIA
ZENKER’s DIVERTICULUM
OPEN APPROACHES TO ZENKER DIVERTICULUM
TRANSORAL ENDOSCOPIC STAPLING
ZENKER PERORAL ENDOSCOPIC MYOTOMY
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
RADIOFREQUENCY THERAPY TO THE LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
INJECTION OF BIOPOLYMERS AT THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION
ENDOSCOPIC PLICATION OF THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION
ESOPHYX
ENDOCINCH
NDO Plicator
G-POEM
LINX
REFERENCES
7
Thoracic Trauma
PRIMARY SURVEY
SECONDARY SURVEY
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
CHEST RADIOGRAPHY
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
ANGIOGRAPHY
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT THORACOTOMY
BLUNT TRAUMA
CHEST WALL
RIB FRACTURES
FLAIL CHEST
STERNAL FRACTURES
CLAVICULAR FRACTURES
SCAPULAR FRACTURES
TRAUMATIC ASPHYXIA
PULMONARY CONTUSION
LARYNGEAL INJURIES
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL INJURIES
GREAT VESSELS
BLUNT CARDIAC INJURIES
DIAPHRAGM
ESOPHAGUS
PENETRATING TRAUMA
STAB WOUNDS VERSUS FIREARM INJURIES
CHEST WALL INJURY
TRACHEAL AND BRONCHIAL PENETRATING INJURIES
PULMONARY INJURIES AND HEMOTHORAX
CARDIAC INJURIES
AIR EMBOLISM AND BULLET EMBOLISM
GREAT VESSELS
DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURIES
ESOPHAGEAL INJURIES
BLAST INJURIES
COMPLICATIONS OF THORACIC TRAUMA
ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
PNEUMONIA
PLEURAL SPACE PROBLEMS
BRONCHOPLEURAL FISTULA
GREAT VESSEL FISTULA
REFERENCES
8
Tracheal Lesions
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
ANATOMY
TRACHEAL PATHOLOGY
POSTINTUBATION INJURIES
IDIOPATHIC LARYNGOTRACHEAL STENOSIS
TRACHEOBRONCHOMALACIA
TRACHEAL TUMORS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
BRONCHOSCOPY
ANESTHESIA
TRACHEAL RESECTION
LARYNGOTRACHEAL RESECTION
RELEASE PROCEDURES
REPAIR OF TRACHEOINNOMINATE AND TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULAS
AIRWAY REPLACEMENT
PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
RESULTS
COMPLICATIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
9
Congenital Pulmonary Diseases
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
EMBRYOLOGY
TRACHEAL ABNORMALITIES
TRACHEAL AGENESIS AND ATRESIA
CONGENITAL TRACHEAL STENOSIS
TRACHEOMALACIA
BRONCHIAL BRANCHING ABNORMALITIES
BRONCHIAL ATRESIA
CONGENITAL BRONCHIECTASIS
TRACHEOBRONCHOMEGALY (MOUNIER-KUHN SYNDROME)
LARYNGOTRACHEOESOPHAGEAL CLEFT
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL-ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
BRONCHOBILIARY FISTULA
BRONCHOPULMONARY FOREGUT MALFORMATIONS
SEQUESTRATIONS
AZYGOS LOBE
HORSESHOE LUNG
BRONCHOGENIC CYSTS
LUNG BUD ANOMALIES
PULMONARY AGENESIS, APLASIA, AND HYPOPLASIA
CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA
CONGENITAL PARENCHYMAL CYSTS
CONGENITAL CYSTIC ADENOMATOID MALFORMATION
INFANTILE PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA
POLYALVEOLAR LOBE
PULMONARY LYMPHANGIECTASIA
VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES
UNILATERAL ABSENCE OF A MAIN PULMONARY ARTERY
IDIOPATHIC HYPERLUCENT LUNG SYNDROME (SWYER-JAMES OR MACLEOD SYNDROME)
PULMONARY ARTERY SLING
ISOLATED PULMONARY ARTERY ANEURYSM
DYSPHAGIA LUSORIA
PULMONARY VEIN ABNORMALITIES
PULMONARY VARIX
PULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS
SCIMITAR SYNDROME
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
10
Benign Lesions of the Lung
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION AND INCIDENCE
EVALUATION FOR AN INDETERMINATE PULMONARY NODULE
INFLAMMATORY LUNG LESIONS
INFECTIOUS GRANULOMATOSIS
MYCOBACTERIUM
SARCOIDOSIS
WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS
OTHER INFECTIONS
EPITHELIAL TUMORS
ADENOMAS
ALVEOLAR ADENOMA
PAPILLARY ADENOMA OF TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES (CLARA CELL ADENOMA)
MUCOUS GLAND ADENOMA
MYOEPITHELIOMA
MUCINOUS CYSTADENOMA
PAPILLOMAS
SQUAMOUS CELL PAPILLOMA
GLANDULAR PAPILLOMA
MIXED PAPILLOMA
FIBROUS POLYPS
MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
ADIPOCYTE ORIGIN
LIPOMAS
ANGIOMYOLIPOMA
CARTILAGE ORIGIN (CHONDROMA)
FIBROBLAST ORIGIN
BENIGN ENDOBRONCHIAL FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA
INFLAMMATORY PSEUDOTUMOR
SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR
LYMPHATIC ORIGIN (SOLITARY INTRAPULMONARY LYMPHANGIOMA)
PARAGANGLIOMA ORIGIN (PARAGANGLIOMAS)
PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH ORIGIN
GRANULAR CELL TUMOR
SCHWANNOMAS
SMOOTH MUSCLE ORIGIN (LEIOMYOMA)
VASCULAR ORIGIN (SCLEROSING HEMANGIOMA)
TUMORS OF MISCELLANEOUS ORIGIN
HAMARTOMA
NODULAR AMYLOID LESION
CLEAR CELL TUMOR (SUGAR TUMOR)
PRIMARY PULMONARY THYMOMA
TERATOMA
OTHER BENIGN LESIONS
LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS
PULMONARY INFARCT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
11
Interstitial Lung Diseases
GRANULOMATOUS PATTERNS OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
FOREIGN BODIES AND INORGANIC DUST
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
INFECTIONS
SARCOIDOSIS
GRANULOMATOUS VASCULITIDES: GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS AND EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS
EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIAS
PULMONARY LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
ALVEOLITIC PATTERNS OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
DRUG-ASSOCIATED INJURY
GOODPASTURE SYNDROME
IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
FAMILIAL FORMS OF IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS
DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
IDIOPATHIC NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLITIS–ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA
LYMPHOCYTIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
IDIOPATHIC PLEUROPARENCHYMAL FIBROELASTOSIS
UNCLASSIFIABLE IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIAS
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR HEMORRHAGE SYNDROME
LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS
PATIENT EVALUATION
TREATMENT
REFERENCES
12
Infectious Lung Diseases
PNEUMONIA
COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
DETERMINATION OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA SEVERITY
TREATMENT OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED (NOSOCOMIAL) PNEUMONIA
VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA
ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
BRONCHIECTASIS
LUNG ABSCESS
PULMONARY MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASE
MAJOR PULMONARY MYCOTIC INFECTIONS
HISTOPLASMOSIS
COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
BLASTOMYCOSIS
ASPERGILLOSIS
Aspergilloma
INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS
ALLERGIC BRONCHOPULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS
MUCORMYCOSIS
REFERENCES
13
Surgery for Emphysema
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT OF EMPHYSEMA
BULLECTOMY
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
TECHNIQUES
VOLUME REDUCTION
TECHNIQUES
COMBINATIONS OF LUNG TRANSPLANTATION AND LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION
BRONCHOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF EMPHYSEMA
ENDOSCOPIC PLACEMENT OF ONE-WAY VALVES
AIRWAY BYPASS
NITINOL AIRWAY COILS
SUMMARY
References
14
Lung Transplantation
KEY POINTS
HISTORY OF LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
selection
CANDIDATE LISTING
LUNG ALLOCATION
BRIDGE TO TRANSPLANT
LUNG DONOR
DONOR OPERATION
PROCUREMENT
BRAIN-DEAD DONOR
DONOR BACK-TABLE PREPARATION
NON–HEART-BEATING DONOR
Intra-operative complications
ATRIAL CUFF AND PULMONARY VEIN INJURIES
PULMONARY ARTERIES
CONGENITAL BRONCHIAL ANOMALIES
RECIPIENT OPERATION
ANESTHESIA AND INTRAOPERATIVE CONDUCT
IMPLANTATION
INCISIONS
PNEUMONECTOMY
LUNG IMPLANTATION
INTRAOPERATIVE ECMO SUPPORT
DELAYED CHEST CLOSURE
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
VENTILATION
FLUID MANAGEMENT
GENERAL CARE
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS
RECIPIENT COMPLICATIONS
EARLY POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
PRIMARY GRAFT DYSFUNCTION
ACUTE REJECTION
CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS
FAILURE OF NORMAL BRONCHIAL HEALING
ANASTOMOTIC STENOSIS
CHRONIC REJECTION
POSTTRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER
OUTCOMES AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
15
Lung Cancer Screening: Challenges for the Thoracic Surgeon
HISTORY OF LUNG CANCER SCREENING
CHEST RADIOGRAPHY SCREENING
EARLY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCREENING STUDIES
MODELING APPROACHES TO ESTIMATE MORTALITY BENEFIT
The NLST and The NELSON Trial
IMPORTANT STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
OTHER APPROACHES TO SCREENING
CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS
CURRENT BARRIERS TO LUNG CANCER SCREENING
REPORTING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE SCREEN-DETECTED NODULE: THE LUNG CT SCREENING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM (LUNG-RADS)
MEASURING LUNG NODULES
MANAGEMENT OF SUSPICIOUS AND VERY SUSPICIOUS NODULES
SUMMARY
References
16
Lung Cancer Workup and Staging
THE STAGING SYSTEM
DIAGNOSIS AND STAGING
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
NONINVASIVE MODALITIES
CHEST RADIOGRAPHY
SPUTUM CYTOLOGY
LOW-DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
BONE SCAN
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
INVASIVE MODALITIES
BRONCHOSCOPY
ENDOBRONCHIAL ULTRASOUND
AUTOFLUORESCENCE BRONCHOSCOPY
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSTHORACIC NEEDLE BIOPSY
CERVICAL MEDIASTINOSCOPY
LEFT ANTERIOR MEDIASTINOTOMY AND EXTENDED CERVICAL MEDIASTINOSCOPY
SCALENE NODE BIOPSY
VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY
THORACOTOMY
METASTATIC WORKUP
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
17
Lung Cancer: Surgical Treatment
HISTORICAL NOTE
PULMONARY SURGICAL OPERATIONS: INDICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES
LOBECTOMY
POSITIONING AND INCISIONS
MOBILIZATION AND HILAR DISSECTION
MANAGEMENT OF VESSELS
MANAGEMENT OF BRONCHUS
PLACEMENT OF CHEST TUBES
PNEUMONECTOMY
INCISION
HILAR DISSECTION
MANAGEMENT OF BRONCHUS
MANAGEMENT OF THE POSTPNEUMONECTOMY SPACE
SUBLOBAR RESECTION (SEGMENTECTOMY AND WEDGE RESECTION)
SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
RATIONALE
TECHNIQUES
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF NON–SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
T CATEGORY: T1 AND T2
SUBLOBAR RESECTION VERSUS LOBECTOMY FOR NODE-NEGATIVE, SMALL-SIZED NON–SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
T CATEGORY: T3
TUMORS INVADING THE CHEST WALL
SUPERIOR SULCUS TUMORS
TUMORS IN PROXIMITY TO THE CARINA
TUMORS INVADING THE MEDIASTINUM
SEPARATE NODULES IN THE PRIMARY LOBE
T CATEGORY: T4
Diaphragm
HEART AND GREAT VESSELS
CARINA AND TRACHEA
IPSILATERAL PULMONARY METASTASIS IN NONPRIMARY LOBES
VERTEBRAL BODY
ESOPHAGUS
N CATEGORY: N0 AND N1
N CATEGORY: N2
N2 FOUND ON PRETREATMENT STAGING
N2 FOUND AT THORACOTOMY
N CATEGORY: N3
M CATEGORY: M1a
ADDITIONAL NODULES IN THE CONTRALATERAL LUNG
MALIGNANT PLEURAL EFFUSION
M CATEGORY: M1b AND M1c
ADRENAL GLAND
BRAIN
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION VERSUS SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
OPERATIVE MORBIDITY
STAGING ACCURACY
LOCAL CONTROL AND LONG-TERM SURVIVAL
MULTIFOCAL ADENOCARCINOMAS IN SITU, MINIMALLY INVASIVE ADENOCARCINOMAS, AND LEPIDIC PREDOMINANT ADENOCARCINOMAS
TREATMENT STRATEGY AND OUTCOME
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
HISTORICAL NOTE
RATIONALE FOR SURGERY
IMPROVED LOCAL CONTROL
MIXED-HISTOLOGY TUMORS
SURGERY AS A SALVAGE TREATMENT
TUMOR-NODE-METASTASIS STAGING (EIGHTH EDITION) AND SURGICAL OUTCOME
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
18
Minimally Invasive Approaches to Lung Cancer
DEFINITION
HISTORY
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
STRATEGY FOR THORACOSCOPIC LOBECTOMY
VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY RIGHT UPPER LOBECTOMY
VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY LEFT UPPER LOBECTOMY
VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY LOWER LOBECTOMY (RIGHT OR LEFT)
VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY MIDDLE LOBECTOMY
VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY BILOBECTOMY
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ROBOT-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC LOBECTOMY
EXTENDED LUNG RESECTIONS
SUBLOBAR RESECTION
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
ENHANCED RECOVERY AFTER SURGERY
RESULTS
ONCOLOGIC EFFICACY
OVERALL COMPLICATIONS, MORBIDITY, AND MORTALITY
POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND QUALITY OF LIFE
PULMONARY FUNCTION
SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION
COST-EFFECTIVENESS
VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY VERSUS ROBOT-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY
SUMMARY
References
19
Lung Cancer: Multimodal Therapy
INTRODUCTION
NEOADJUVANT THERAPY FOLLOWED BY SURGERY
CHEMOTHERAPY
CHEMORADIATION
TARGETED THERAPIES
IMMUNOTHERAPY
ADJUVANT THERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY
TARGETED THERAPY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY
POSTOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY (PORT)
ADJUVANT THERAPY FOLLOWING R1 RESECTION
SURGICAL SALVAGE
LOCAL CONSOLIDATIVE THERAPY FOR OLIGOMETASTATIC DISEASE
CONCLUSION
References
20
Lung Cancer: Surgical Strategies for Tumors Invading the Chest Wall
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
DEMOGRAPHICS AND SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
STAGING
TREATMENT
PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
RECONSTRUCTION
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PATHOLOGY
RESULTS
SUMMARY
CLINICAL SCENARIO
REFERENCES
21
Anterior Approach to Superior Sulcus Lesions
HISTORICAL NOTE
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
MULTIDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT OF PANCOAST TUMORS
MULTIMODAL TREATMENT, SURVIVAL, AND RECURRENCE
SURGICAL TREATMENT
ZONES 1, 2, AND 3—ANTERIOR APPROACHES
THE DARTEVELLE APPROACH
THE GRUNENWALD APPROACH
THE NAZZARO APPROACH
THE MASAOKA APPROACH
THE ADDITION OF VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC SURGERY
ZONES 4 AND 5—POSTERIOR APPROACHES
THE PAULSON APPROACH
THE HOOK APPROACH
SUMMARY
References
22
Other Primary Tumors of the Lung
BRONCHOPULMONARY CARCINOID TUMORS
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
GENETICS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
BRONCHOSCOPY
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING OF BRONCHOPULMONARY CARCINOID TUMORS
SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR SCINTIGRAPHY AND POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT
BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT AND TUMOR MARKERS
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
SURGERY
ADJUVANT THERAPIES: RADIATION, CHEMOTHERAPY, AND TARGETED THERAPY
SYSTEMIC THERAPIES
Somatostatin Analogs
mTOR INHIBITORS
PEPTIDE RECEPTOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY
PROGNOSIS
FOLLOW-UP
DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY NEUROENDOCRINE CELL HYPERPLASIA
PRIMARY PULMONARY SALIVARY GLAND–TYPE TUMORS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PULMONARY SARCOMATOID CARCINOMAS
PATHOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS
PRIMARY PULMONARY SARCOMAS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PRIMARY PULMONARY SYNOVIAL SARCOMA
PRIMARY PULMONARY EPITHELIOID HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA
PULMONARY ARTERY INTIMAL SARCOMA
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
IMAGING STUDIES
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
PRIMARY PULMONARY LYMPHOMAS
MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
PRIMARY PULMONARY DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
PROGNOSIS
PRIMARY PULMONARY (EXTRAMEDULLARY) PLASMACYTOMA
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
PRIMARY PULMONARY MELANOMA
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
THORACIC NUCLEAR PROTEIN IN TESTIS CARCINOMA
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION, TREATMENT, AND PROGNOSIS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
23
Secondary Lung Tumors
HISTORY OF METASTASECTOMY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PULMONARY METASTASES
DO METASTASES METASTASIZE?
DOES LUNG CANCER METASTASIZE TO THE LUNG?
EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH SECONDARY PULMONARY TUMORS
SYMPTOMS AND PRESENTATION
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
TISSUE DIAGNOSIS
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
SURGICAL APPROACH
LYMPH NODE DISSECTION
RESULTS OF PULMONARY METASTASECTOMY
SPECIFIC SECONDARY LUNG TUMORS
SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA
OSTEOSARCOMA (OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA)
COLORECTAL CANCER
BREAST CARCINOMA
HEAD AND NECK CARCINOMA
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
GERM CELL TUMORS
GYNECOLOGIC TUMORS
MELANOMA
ENDOCRINE TUMORS
OTHER TUMORS
ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS
PALLIATIVE THERAPY
CONCLUSIONS
References
24
Congenital Chest Wall Deformities
PECTUS EXCAVATUM
ETIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE
SYMPTOMS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PULMONARY FUNCTION STUDIES
CARDIOVASCULAR STUDIES
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
SURGICAL REPAIR
MINIMALLY INVASIVE REPAIR OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM
POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT
OPEN SURGICAL REPAIR OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM
REPAIR OF RECURRENT PECTUS EXCAVATUM
ACQUIRED RESTRICTIVE THORACIC DYSTROPHY
NONOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM
PECTUS CARINATUM
ETIOLOGY
SURGICAL REPAIR
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
OPERATIVE RESULTS
NONOPERATIVE CORRECTION OF PECTUS CARINATUM
POLAND SYNDROME
SURGICAL REPAIR
STERNAL DEFECTS
CLEFT STERNUM
SURGICAL REPAIR
ECTOPIA CORDIS
ETIOLOGY
THORACIC ECTOPIA CORDIS
THORACOABDOMINAL ECTOPIA CORDIS (CANTRELL PENTALOGY)
THORACIC DEFORMITIES IN DIFFUSE SKELETAL DISORDERS
ASPHYXIATING THORACIC DYSTROPHY (JEUNE SYNDROME)
SPONDYLOTHORACIC DYSPLASIA (JARCHO-LEVIN SYNDROME)
REFERENCES
25
Chest Wall Tumors
KEY POINTS
PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION
HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
IMAGING
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
PREOPERATIVE BIOPSY
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS
INTRAOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
RECONSTRUCTION
ROLE OF 3D PRINTING
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
FOLLOW-UP AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
SPECIFIC LESIONS
BENIGN LESIONS
OSTEOCHONDROMA
CHONDROMA
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
EOSINOPHILIC GRANULOMA
HEMANGIOMA
NEUROFIBROMA/NEURILEMMOMA
DESMOID TUMORS
MALIGNANT LESIONS
CHONDROSARCOMA
OSTEOSARCOMA
EWING SARCOMA FAMILY TUMORS
PLASMACYTOMA
OTHER SARCOMAS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
26
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and Dorsal Sympathectomy
HISTORY OF THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
COMPRESSION FACTORS OF THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL MANEUVERS
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS
NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITY AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
METHOD OF MEASURING CONDUCTION VELOCITIES
EQUIPMENT
Nerve Conduction to Diagnosis Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
CALCULATION OF NERVE VELOCITIES
NORMAL ULNAR NERVE CONDUCTION VELOCITIES
GRADING OF COMPRESSION
ANGIOGRAPHY
Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
THERAPY FOR THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
URSCHEL/MCKENNA TECHNIQUE OF TRANSAXILLARY RESECTION OF THE FIRST RIB
MCKENNA TECHNIQUE OF VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY TRANSAXILLARY RESECTION OF THE FIRST RIB
EFFORT THROMBOSIS: PAGET-SCHROETTER SYNDROME
SYMPATHECTOMY WITH VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACIC SURGERY FOR THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
INDICATIONS FOR SYMPATHECTOMY
COMPLICATIONS
HORNER SYNDROME
POSTSYMPATHECTOMY NEURALGIA
RECURRENT SYMPTOMS
SURGICAL APPROACHES FOR DORSAL SYMPATHECTOMY
VARIATIONS OF DORSAL SYMPATHECTOMY
TECHNIQUE
URSCHEL TRANSAXILLARY APPROACH WITH A TRANSTHORACIC SYMPATHECTOMY
URSCHEL TRANSAXILLARY FIRST RIB RESECTION FOR THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME WITH RETRACTION OF THE PLEURA AND SYMPATHECTOMY
RESULTS
REOPERATION FOR RECURRENT THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE FOR REDOING THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME SURGERY
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
References
27
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CAUSES
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
IMAGING
MANAGEMENT
OBSERVATION
ASPIRATION
TUBE THORACOSTOMY
PLEURODESIS
SURGERY
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
SECONDARY SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
CATAMENIAL PNEUMOTHORAX
REFERENCES
28
Empyema
EPIDEMIOLOGY
HISTORICAL REVIEW
BACTERIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS: CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, FLUID ANALYSIS, AND RADIOLOGIC APPEARANCE
TREATMENT
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS: POSTPNEUMONECTOMY EMPYEMA AND BRONCHOPLEURAL FISTULA
INCIDENCE
TREATMENT
USE OF VACUUM-ASSISTED CLOSURE IN MANAGEMENT OF COMPLEX PLEURAL SPACES75
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
29
Chylothorax
KEY POINTS
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION AND ETIOLOGY
ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS AND DIAGNOSIS
PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT
CHYLOTHORAX AFTER PULMONARY RESECTION
CHYLOTHORAX AFTER ESOPHAGECTOMY
CHYLOTHORAX AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
CONCLUSION
References
30
Malignant Pleural and Pericardial Effusions
MALIGNANT PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
PHYSIOLOGY
DEMOGRAPHICS
EVALUATION
HISTORICAL AND PHYSICAL FINDINGS
IMAGING
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
STANDARD CHEMISTRY AND CELL COUNTS
PLEURAL CYTOLOGY AND BIOPSY
TREATMENT
DRAINAGE-BASED METHODS OF MALIGNANT EFFUSION CONTROL
Small Catheter Drainage
Pleuroperitoneal Shunting
SCLEROSIS-BASED PLEURAL EFFUSION MANAGEMENT
Chemical Sclerosis—Talc
Chemical Sclerosis—Cycline Drugs and Bleomycin
Other Sclerosing Compounds
RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS
MECHANICAL ABRASION OR LASER
PLEURECTOMY
PROGNOSIS AND FUTURE TRENDS
MALIGNANT PERICARDIAL EFFUSIONS
MECHANISM
EVALUATION
TREATMENT
References
31
Pleural Tumors
INTRODUCTION
FUNDAMENTALS OF PLEURAL TUMOR BIOLOGY
PLEURAL DEVELOPMENT, ANATOMY, AND PHYSIOLOGY
ASBESTOS AND PLEURAL DISEASE
GENERAL CLINICAL FEATURES OF PLEURAL TUMORS
CLINICAL FEATURES OF MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA
MESOTHELIOMA IN SITU
LOCALIZED MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA
DIFFUSE MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA
OVERVIEW
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
Tissue Sampling
Histopathology
Molecular Features
STAGING
PROGNOSIS
TREATMENT
MANAGEMENT OF MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: PLEURECTOMY/DECORTICATION
OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: EXTRAPLEURAL PNEUMONECTOMY
INTRAOPERATIVE ADJUNCTS
POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
NON-SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA
CHEMOTHERAPY
RADIATION THERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY
BEYOND MESOTHELIOMA: OTHER PLEURAL TUMORS
BENIGN PLEURAL LESIONS
INFLAMMATORY PLEURAL REACTIONS
BENIGN AND PREMALIGNANT PLEURAL NEOPLASMS
FIBROBLASTIC AND MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMORS
VASCULAR TUMORS
PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMORS
PLEUROPULMONARY SYNOVIAL SARCOMA
PLEUROPULMONARY BLASTOMA
ASKIN TUMOR OR PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR
SMALL ROUND CELL TUMOR
PLEURAL METASTASES AND MALIGNANT EFFUSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
32
Surgery of the Diaphragm: A Deductive Approach
EMBRYOLOGY
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
PLEURAL AND PERITONEAL ATTACHMENTS
ARTERIAL AND VENOUS ANATOMY
LYMPHATICS
DIAPHRAGMATIC INNERVATION
DIAGNOSIS OF DIAPHRAGM PATHOLOGY
DIAPHRAGMATIC INCISIONS
TRAUMATIC DIAPHRAGMATIC INJURY
DIAPHRAGMATIC ELEVATION
DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS
DIAPHRAGMATIC PACING
ONCOLOGY OF THE DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGMATIC RESECTION AND REPAIR WITH PROSTHETIC PATCH
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
33
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
DEFINITION
HISTORY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE DIAPHRAGM
PATHOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
PATHOLOGIC ANATOMY
GROSS FINDINGS
MICROSCOPY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
TREATMENT
FETAL INTERVENTION
PREOPERATIVE CARE
DELIVERY ROOM
VENTILATOR MANAGEMENT
ADDITIONAL PREOPERATIVE STUDIES
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT
NITRIC OXIDE
PULMONARY VASODILATORS
SURFACTANT
ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION
SURGERY
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
LATE-PRESENTATION CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
RESULTS
LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP
DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA RECURRENCE
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
OTHER DIAPHRAGMATIC ANOMALIES
DIAPHRAGMATIC EVENTRATION
MORGAGNI HERNIA
HIATAL HERNIA
PERICARDIAL HERNIA
DIAPHRAGMATIC AGENESIS
DIAPHRAGMATIC DUPLICATION
CRIBRIFORM DIAPHRAGM
References
34
Esophageal Anatomy and Function
ANATOMY
OVERVIEW, SURROUNDING STRUCTURES, AND ANCHORS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
CERVICAL ESOPHAGUS
THORACIC ESOPHAGUS
Abdominal Esophagus
STRUCTURE OF THE ESOPHAGEAL WALL
BLOOD SUPPLY, LYMPHATICS, AND INNERVATION
EMBRYOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
THE SWALLOWING MECHANISM
INITIATION
OROPHARYNGEAL PHASE
ESOPHAGEAL PHASE
UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
ESOPHAGEAL BODY AND ESOPHAGEAL PERISTALSIS
LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE FAILURE OF THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL BARRIER
EVALUATION OF ESOPHAGEAL FUNCTION
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION
ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
ESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRY
LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER RELAXATION
ESOPHAGEAL BODY MOTILITY
UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER
HIGH-RESOLUTION IMPEDANCE
FUNCTIONAL LUMINAL IMAGING PROBE
AMBULATORY pH MONITORING
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
References
35
Surgery for Congenital Lesions of the Esophagus
INTRODUCTION
ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA
HISTORICAL ASPECTS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ANATOMY
PRESENTATION
WORK-UP
INITIAL MANAGEMENT
OPERATIVE PRINCIPLES
COMPLICATIONS AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS
ESOPHAGEAL DUPLICATIONS
ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
INCIDENCE
PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CONGENITAL ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS
ANATOMY
PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
LARYNGOTRACHEOESOPHAGEAL CLEFT
ANATOMY
PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
REFERENCES
36
Surgical Treatment of Benign Esophageal Diseases
THE ESOPHAGUS AND ITS SURROUNDINGS
ESOPHAGEAL WALL
REGIONAL ANATOMY
ESOPHAGEAL FUNCTION
EVALUATION OF THE ESOPHAGUS
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
INVESTIGATIONS
BARIUM ESOPHAGRAM
ESOPHAGOSCOPY
ESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRY
IMPEDANCE MANOMETRY
pH MONITORING
IMPEDANCE-pH MONITORING
ENDOSCOPIC ESOPHAGEAL ULTRASOUND
ENDOFLIP
BENIGN ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
BARRETT ESOPHAGUS
HIATAL HERNIA
MOTILITY DISORDERS
ACHALASIA
HYPERCONTRACTILE AND SPASTIC DISORDERS
HYPOMOTILITY DISORDERS
SECONDARY ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS
DIVERTICULA
ZENKER DIVERTICULUM
MIDTHORACIC DIVERTICULUM
EPIPHRENIC DIVERTICULUM
BENIGN ESOPHAGEAL TUMORS AND CYSTS
TUMORS OF THE MUCOSA
TUMORS OF THE SUBMUCOSA
TUMORS OF THE MUSCULARIS PROPRIA
ESOPHAGEAL CYSTS
ESOPHAGEAL INJURIES
STRICTURES
CAUSES OF ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES
CORROSIVE INJURIES
Early Management
Late Management
PERFORATION
ESOPHAGEAL FOREIGN BODIES
CONCLUSION
References
37
Staging Techniques for Carci

开源日期

2025-01-06