Ling-Feng Jia1,†,Ping Chen1,†,Gui-Da Qu1,Ning Sun1,Tao Guo1,Huai-Yu Zhong2,Yi-Han Duan3,Jia-Hui Sun1,Jing-Bo Sun1(
College of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
Jilin Vocational College of Industry and Technology, Jilin 132013, China
China Resources Double-crane Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
†Ling-Feng Jia and Ping Chen contributed equally to this work.
Highlights
(1) Edible fungi have significant sedative-hypnotic effects, providing a natural alternative for the treatment of insomnia.
(2) Edible fungi such as Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Hericium erinaceus, and Armillaria mellea contain active components like polysaccharides, triterpenes, and nucleosides, which have a positive impact on improving sleep.
(3) These fungi exert their sedative-hypnotic effects through various mechanisms, including the regulation of the neurotransmitter system, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, and the balance of gut microbiota.
(4) Research on the sedative-hypnotic effects of edible fungi lays the foundation for further development and utilization of the fungal resources in the Changbai Mountain region.
Graphical Abstract
Edible fungi such as Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Hericium erinaceus, Armillaria mellea, Isaria cicadae, Cordyceps sinensis, and Tremella fuciformis have significant sedative-hypnotic effects. The sedative-hypnotic mechanisms of these edible fungi include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, regulation of substance metabolism, modulation of receptor and related gene expression, regulation of neurotransmitter levels, and modulation of the gut microbiota.
Abstract
Edibles are the source of life, providing the body with essential nutrients to maintain physiological functions. As far back as ancient times, people have used edibles to treat diseases, also known as dietary therapy. Edible fungi, as favored foods, not only have rich nutritional value but also have various pharmacological effects and have a significant role in the treatment of insomnia. This review delves into the potential mechanisms of edible fungi in the sedative-hypnotic effect, focusing on several species of edible fungi with remarkable sleep-improving effects including Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Hericium erinaceus and Armillaria mellea. The modulatory effects of active ingredients, including polysaccharides, triterpenes, and nucleosides, found in edible fungi, on the neurotransmitter system, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory pathways, gut microflora homeostasis, and immune function are reviewed. For instance, C. militaris reduces excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate and acetylcholine. P. cocos polysaccharides regulate gut flora to positively influence sleep. G. lucidum enhances γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin expression, boosts antioxidant activity, and reduces inflammatory mediators, collectively improving sleep quality. In addition to the aforementioned improvements on insomnia by the active components in edible fungi, they also exert sedative and hypnotic effects through other mechanisms. This review summarizes the sedative and hypnotic mechanisms of these edible fungi, providing new perspectives and methodologies for the research on the sedative and hypnotic activity of Changbai Mountain C. militaris and other edible fungi, which is conducive to exploring and utilizing more edible fungal resources from the Changbai Mountain with such activities.
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